The Dance of the Devils: A Boruca Tradition

The Dance of the Devils , also known as the The Devil's Game is one of the oldest and most significant traditions of the Boruca indigenous people in Costa Rica. This ceremony is much more than a simple celebration: it represents the struggle, resistance, and spiritual connection of the Boruca people in the face of the Spanish conquistadors. Celebrated annually, this tradition highlights the importance of keeping cultural roots, language, and ancestral values ​​alive.

 

Origins, Importance and History of the Dance of the Devils Costa Rica

The Dance of the Devils has its roots in the time of the conquest, when the Boruca people faced Spanish colonization. In this performance, the “Little Devils” (either The Cabrú Rojc (Royal Bull ) symbolizes the indigenous warriors, while the bull represents the colonizers. For three days, the Boruca reenact this epic battle, culminating in the defeat of the bull and the spiritual victory of the indigenous people.

In December 2017, this dance was declared Intangible Cultural Heritage of Costa Rica , recognizing its value as a symbol of cultural resistance and ancestral legacy. Furthermore, it is a source of identity and community cohesion for the Boruca, who celebrate this ceremony both in the Boruca Indigenous Territory and in the Rey Curré settlement.

 

When is the dance of the devils celebrated?

The Dance of the Devils is celebrated annually in two locations:

1. In Boruca : From December 31st to January 2nd.
2. In Rey Curré : Generally the first weekend of February, with variable dates.

During these days, traditional activities are held to commemorate the struggle between the Boruca indigenous people and the Spanish conquistadors.

 

The Boruca Language: Connection to the Past

The Brunca language, known as Di'tégat has been a central element of the Dance of the Devils. In the past, participants spoke exclusively in their native language during the ceremony, reinforcing their connection to their cultural roots. However, the language has faced decline over the years. Today, significant efforts are underway to revitalize it, including classes in local schools and community projects.

This struggle to preserve the language not only keeps a form of communication alive, but also protects the identity of a people who refuse to disappear in the face of modernity.

 

Elements of the Dance of the Devils

He Game of the Devils It is a unique cultural experience that combines music, dance, art, and spirituality. Each element has a profound meaning:

 

Boruca Masks and Clothing

The masks, known as Ca'vësh ë'ua are hand-carved from pejibaye wood and represent animals, spirits, and elements of nature. Each participant creates their own mask, highlighting their personal connection to the tradition. In addition, the "Diablitos" wear costumes made from banana or gangoche leaves, complemented by traditional textiles.

 

The Music Boruca

The ceremony is accompanied by instruments such as the drum Quebec , the snails (cambutes) and the flutes, which mark the rhythm of the dance and evoke the ancestral spirit.

 

Chicha

The chicha , a fermented drink made from corn or plantain, is essential during the three days of the dance. This sacred liquid It is not only a source of energy for the participants, but also symbolizes community unity.

Chicha is made from corn, which is an important element in the culture of the Boruca people.

 

The Stages of the Dance of the Devils

The Dance of the Little Devils follows a carefully structured narrative, with a series of stages that reflect the symbolism, tradition, and community unity of the Boruca people. This ceremony has a highly organized daily rhythm, beginning at 8 a.m. and ending around 7 p.m. Each day begins with the explosion of fireworks, a symbolic act that marks the beginning of the day and fills the atmosphere with festive energy.

• The Birth
  On December 30th, the "Diablitos" (Little Devils) (Cabrú Rojc) announce their arrival with small firecrackers, snails (cambutes), and salomas from high points such as Brugrá Hill in Boruca or the center of Rey Curré. This moment marks the beginning of the ceremony and symbolizes the rebirth of the ancestral warriors.

• The Galladas Organization
  Before the day's activities begin, the Diablitos organize into groups called "galladas." Each gallada has its own name and is made up of specific members of the community, reinforcing each participant's identity and sense of belonging. This structure allows the activities to unfold in an orderly manner and allows everyone to participate meaningfully in the celebration.

• The Arrival of Zamán, the Spirit Bull
  On the morning of the first day, Zamán, the bull that represents the spirit of the Spanish conquistadors, appears. Zamán is not just a physical adversary; he symbolizes a defiant spirit against whom the Boruca have historically fought to preserve their identity and culture. His arrival marks the beginning of the symbolic confrontations between the Diablitos and the spirit of the oppressor.

• The Battle and Visits to the Neighbors
  Throughout the day, the Diablitos and Zamán participate in several battles as they travel through the community. During these visits, the Diablitos visit the homes of residents, who welcome them with chicha, chicharrón, and other traditional foods. This tradition of hospitality is deeply valued, as welcoming the Diablitos is believed to bring good luck and prosperity to homes. This act also strengthens community ties, becoming a moment of unity and gratitude.

• The Retreat of Zamán
  After intense fighting, Zamán escapes and takes refuge in the mountains, while the Diablitos reorganize for the next stage.

• The Grave and the Resurrection
  At the end of the daily battles, the Diablitos fall to the ground, symbolizing their defeat by Zamán. However, with a call from the Cabrú Rojc Mayor through the cambute, they return to life and prepare to continue the tradition.

• The Search for Zamán
  The Little Devils, some assisted by "symbolic dogs," set out in search of Zamán. This stage represents the determination and resilience of the Boruca people.

• The Zamán Meeting
  Finally, the Devils find Zamán, who is adorned with leaves and branches, ready for the final confrontation.

• The Burning
  At the climax of the ceremony, Zamán is defeated and burned at the stake. This act symbolizes the spiritual victory of the Boruca over the Spanish conquistadors and represents the rebirth of their cultural identity. The figure of Zamán, as a spirit, is a reminder of the historical challenges overcome by the community.

• The Victory Celebration
  The “dead” Zamán is carried through the town on fire. During this stage, chicha, symbolizing Zamán's blood, is shared, and allegorical parts of the bull are given to spectators. The ceremony culminates with music, dance, and joy, celebrating the resilience, unity, and identity of the Boruca people.

 

The Characters of the Dance of the Devils

He Dance of the Little Devils It's not only a cultural representation, but also a carefully staged production, where each character has a specific role that symbolizes important aspects of the tradition. Below are the main characters:

1. Little Devils (Cabrú Rójc):
   They represent the Boruca indigenous people. Each participant wears masks made of wood and clothing woven from banana or gangoche leaves. The devils are the soul of the dance, and their fight against the bull symbolizes the Boruca's resistance to the Spanish conquistadors.
2. The Bull (Zamán):
   He is the antagonist in this tradition, representing the Spanish conquistadors. He is called Zamán , which in the Boruca worldview is a spirit. The bull is adorned with leaves and branches and stars in battles against the devils for three days.
3. The Big Devils:
   They are the leaders of the ceremony, responsible for making decisions during the dance. They represent wisdom and guidance within this festival.
4. The Herders:
   These people are responsible for maintaining order within the group of devils. They ensure everyone follows the rules of the game and help reorganize the participants.
5. Little Devils:
   They are the youngest or newest members of the community who participate in the dance. They join the "galladas" or groups, which have specific names and act in a coordinated manner to confront the bull.
6. The Musicians:
   They are in charge of playing traditional instruments such as drums, flutes, horns, and conch shells (cambutes). Music is essential to marking the rhythm of dances and ceremonies during the festival.
7. The Dog:
   This character appears on the last day and helps the devils track the bull after it escapes into the mountains.
8. The Matadors:
   They participate on the last day and symbolize the sacrifice of the bull. Their role is key to closing the cycle of tradition with the symbolic victory of the devils.

 

Impact of the Devils' Dance on the Community

The Dance of the Devils is not only a cultural tradition, but also a means of strengthening the local economy and the identity of the Boruca community. The sale of masks, textiles, and handicrafts during the festival attracts tourists, generating income for local families.

Furthermore, this event serves as an educational platform, teaching new generations about the importance of resilience, unity, and preserving their roots.

 

Why Participate in the Dance of the Devils?

The Dance of the Little Devils is not just a ceremony, but a cultural legacy that symbolizes the struggle, resistance, and unity of the Boruca people. This ancestral tradition preserves indigenous identity through music, dance, and the profound symbolism of its rituals. More than an event, it is a call to remember one's roots, to honor history, and to maintain a connection with nature and community.

What makes this festival even more special is its international recognition. Over the years, it has attracted the attention of foreign visitors who come in greater numbers than Costa Ricans to witness this unique cultural event. This makes the Baile de los Diablitos (Little Devils' Dance) a showcase for the world to see the cultural richness and strength of the Boruca people.

For those seeking an authentic and meaningful experience, the Baile de los Diablitos offers an unparalleled opportunity to learn, celebrate, and connect with a tradition that transcends generations and borders.